Anthony Ward
I recently retired from teaching in a minor Canadian university, where I taught economics, environment, health economics, sustainable development. I am taking Future Learn courses of interest
Location Near Windsor Ontario Canada
Activity
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I am a retired professor of Economics from a small university in Canada, and I have always found the study of inequality both very important and interesting in all my teaching
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Anthony Ward made a comment
A very well-prepared video, but I think that, unfortunately, we have already passed a point of no return. Our climate is changing in ways that are well beyond the capability of our food systems to cope with. As temperatures rise, there are large areas of Africa and South-East Asia that are uninhabitable, such as the Sahel, Eritrea, Ethiopia and many...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Good video, but at this stage it is still very simplistic.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I see a profound question: attaining a genuinely circular economy is impossible. In my limited understanding of the laws of physics, we cannot avoid destroying some of what we consume. The question is: how long can we make the "good times" last? I am very much in favour of pursuing the circular economy. Still, looking around our world, I see so much war...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I have always lived in highly developed countries - England and Canada, where there is little recycling and reuse. We have installed a complete set of solar panels and a heat pump to minimize our consumption of fossil fuels, but this is only scratching the surface. So much of what we eat and consume is non-renewable and highly polluting.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
A few of the things that Thatcher did were appropriate such as sorting out the print and rail and coal unions, who had accumulated far too much power, but most of what she did was disastrous for the poor. Overall she was a disaster for the country.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Most cities have at least one area where there is severe poverty. In Vancouver Canada the is the Downtown East Side, which is a tragic area - there are a very large number of indigenous people who are completely lost due to the abuses in the past (and also now). Many of them have become addicted to serious drug addictions.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
To me, the worst poverty is in many of the Less Developed Countries, where many people still starve to death. I agree that there is a lot of poverty in the Developed Countries, but that is mostly relative poverty rather than absolute poverty.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Hi. I'm Tony and I recently retired from teaching at a small university in Ontario. I am taking this. course out of general interest.
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Anthony Ward replied to Farida Mukazhanova
Hi Rebecca I have no trouble finding SketchFab, but I don't know where to find this model. Could you please let me know how to find this? Many thanks Tony
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The British Empire caused a great deal of suffering for almost all of its non-UK subjects, so overall I believe that it was a very bad thing. The Empire was very violent and extractive and its main purpose was to enrich the mother country. The UK wasn't nearly as bad as for example Belgium or Spain, but it was a terrible blight on the UK's history.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
In my opinion, the characters ii Dickens are the most memorable, the most obvious to me is Fagin, Olive Twist and Little Dorit.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I don't think that we will achieve anything by blaming the early industrialsers. The people who must pay for the terrible damage that all our ancestors have caused is every one who can afford to pay now. So far I don't think that COP26 has achieved very much for the futures. In my opinion the most pressing need is to eliminate all fossil fuels from any...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The SDGs are an excellent guide to what we should be doing, but in practice we are not achieving nearly as much as we should. So far this course has been very informative, but it hasn't shown me that we are likely to achieve the 1.5 degree final temperature. There are so many people and groups who do not have a seat at the table, in particular the young...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I have read and watched everything in this course, which I have found very informative, but I am not at all optimistic that we will achieve 1.5 degrees. I don't have any scientific knowledge so I can't comment on the technical details. I think that we are in for at lest a 2 degree increase in world temperatures within the next 20 years. I will watch what...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
These young people are the ones who will have to live with the mess that we older people have created. Some of the ideas I just heard on the videos were very good. I am impressed with their ideas and I fully agree that there is a great deal to be done in so many areas. The idea of integrating sustainability into every stage of learning is very important.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
From what I have heard, so far, I am still not very optimistic about the outcomes that we will get form COP26. I have seen and heard a lot of I had expected to hear. Lots of promises, but not much action or financial commitment.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I am sure that the SDGs are a very good start, but I am not as optimistic as I would like to be, since I don't think that the developed countries will step up to the plate. I am also pessimistic about the outcome of COP26, since again there are several countries such as India, China, Australia, the US, and Canada which have all said that they will continue...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Unfortunately I don't trust our politicians to solve the massive issue of climate change. Too many of them are strongly influenced by giant businesses which want to continue to burn as much fossil fuel as they can get away with. Since China, India, the US, Australia and Canada and several countries in the Middle East all produce lots of oil, coal and gas...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I found these three presentations very moving. I live in Canada where we use a very large amount of all fossil fuels, because we are a very large country and we are used to a very high standard of living. I am in the process of converting our house away from natural gas to electricity from solar panels on the roof, which doesn't work out from a financial...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
We have destroyed so much of our planet by eliminating forests for agriculture and human activities such as industry and living space that I am not very optimistic that we have the determination to recover what is needed to sustain us very far into the future. We use so much energy derived from non-renewable resources that we are addicted to, that we have...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I would love to see progress at COP26, but I am not very optimistic about the outcome. I expect a lot of promises and hot air, but very little real action. I will be following what is happening at the conference carefully in the hope that we will finally take some real action. Since the Chinese appear to be committing to use a lot more coal to generate...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The Paris Agreement was a very positive step forward, but as with most such international agreements it hasn't had much effect in practice. I wish that I had more faith in what should happen at COP26, but I am not expecting very much from it.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I used to be a professor in a minor university in Canada, where I loved to teach the economic of sustainable development, natural resources, environment and health. I am deeply concerned about climate change. Where I live the effects will not be nearly as bad as in most other place in the world, but I am doing as much as I can to avoid emitting greenhouse...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I used to live close to Niagara Falls, Canada where most of our electricity came from the old hydroelectric power station. I now live near Windsor Ontario, Canada where most of the electricity is generated using natural gas. There are a lot of windmills near here, but they don't generate much of our total needs. I am in the process of evaluating both solar...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
There are so many problems that we all face that it is hard to decide which to focus on first. In my opinion the first is to end hunger and poverty, and then to eliminate our use of non-renewable resources, which is a major crisis and must be tackled immediately.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Hi. I live in Ontario Canada. I have recently retired from teaching at a small university where I taught economics, environment, health, sustainable development natural resources, and economic history. I am in the process of deciding whether to switch from gas to solar panels, and a heat pump for both heating and cooling. I am looking forward very much to...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Hi. So far so good. I am looking forward to understanding what will happen at COP26.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I live in Canada and I am working on installing solar panels and a great pump and getting rid of all our gas consumption, but it doesn't make financial sense. I will be working on my plans whilst I watch what happens at COP 26. Tony.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I think that government should take the lead to organize all of the social supports needed by the population in their care. It is only government that has a political mandate from the people to be responsible for the welfare of all the population. There will be many instances in which charities will have an important role to play, such as churches and...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I live in Canada and although we claim to be an egalitarian country there is still a terrible amount of poverty and many other social problems. One of the worst is our indigenous people, who used to occupy the entire country. When we incomers came here we pushed them out of almost all the land. They are now in a terrible condition - there is a lot of...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Education up to at least age 17 is critical not only to the person receiving it but also to society in general. I agree with what was just said in the lecture about all the benefits of education. To ensure that a good education is available to all children not only must good schools be run but also it must be ensured that all children have the necessities to...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I live in a comfortable society, but we still have a lot of inequality. At the moment we are just coming out of the major recession cause by COVID, so the economy is growing rapidly, although it is only just up to 90% of what it was before. For some reason there are a lot of jobs that employers don't seem to be able to fill, which I don't understand. The...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The new technologies have made it much easier to become super rich - when you look at the list above almost all of them became super rich through the development of not just a better technology but also a new marker niche. I also find the way in which some of these people spend their money obscene. It seems to be extremely difficult for governments to corner...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
To me the main issue is poverty. I have always lived comfortably, but I have seen quite a lot of poverty in places like India, Africa and South America. I don't think that I am qualified to comment on which is worse, but to me it is essential that everyone should have all the basic necessities of life. I understand that it must be very galling if one is...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The world has never been fair, but as technology has developed there have been more opportunities for a few entrepreneurs to benefit completely out of scale, such as Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk, Mark Zukerberg and many others. It is very hard to see how to deal with this. I don't think that we will ever solve this issue completely, but it is the duty...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Inequality is a major problem for all societies. When people are poor they not only have less heathy and less satisfactory lives but they also do not contribute nearly as much to society as they could if they had been able to access education and good health care. This constitutes a massive loss of output for their society. I came from England where I was...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Inequality is a very bad aspect of most countries and societies. The issue is not just the inequality in incomes but more importantly the differences in health and life expectancy. There have been an enormous number of people over the ages who have examined inequality, each of whom seems to come to a different conclusion about how serious it is and what...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
To me the word inequality implies that some people have much more than others. Each person has their own needs and wants, so it can be very difficult to compare people's wellbeing. Amartya Sen has developed the concept of capabilities, which enables us to understand inequality somewhat better. Inequality is not the same as poverty, it implies that some...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The poor will always exist when we use a relative measure of poverty. That doesn't change the necessity of reducing the number and levels of poor people. In Canada, there are very few people who literally starve to death, but in our society, there is a very serious level of poverty. But there are several billion people who are in danger of starvation and...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I live in Canada and our rate of crime is quite a bit lower than in the USA, but we still get some terrible crimes. Many of these crimes of violence occur in deprived areas, where there are a disproportionate number of very recent immigrants from extremely poor countries, who are not able to assimilate into Canadian society.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Poverty has many impacts. The worst effect I think would be starvation, followed by homelessness. The most acute problems arise in very poor countries where there are quite a few deaths due to starvation. There are a large number of other effects. I have come across some organisations which help those in poverty. I live in Canada, where I initially...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I have never experienced poverty myself, but I have worked in several places such as Peru, Ecuador, and Namibia where I was involved with very poor people. The worst poverty I ever saw was in South Africa in a shantytown near Cape Town. Where I briefly worked in Peru I was working in a developing shantytown. The group I was working with was trying to help...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
To some extent poverty is relative. In the UK avoiding poverty involves having not only the basic necessities to survive but also the ability to communicate and to get around locally. I agree that poverty in the UK is important but I feel more concern for the people in Less Developed Countries who are in danger of their lives due to starvation, flooding, and...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
To some extent, poverty is a relative concept but in my opinion, the most important aspect is that everyone should have at least the minimum requirements to survive in some degree of comfort. When we use a relative concept of poverty we will never see the end of poverty. My greatest concern is for all the people in Less Developed Countries who are in danger...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
To me, poverty is somewhat of a relative concept. In the UK, poverty can be seen as relative, in that a person can be viewed as poor even if they have enough food and shelter because in a developed country needs are greater than in a very poor country. In a country like Bangladesh poverty is a very different matter, in that many poor people are in danger of...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Hi, I am Tony and I live in Ontario Canada. I just retired from teaching at a small university, where I taught economics - health, environment, natural resources, and development. I have always been very concerned about poverty and it frequently formed an important part of many of the courses I taught. I am looking forward to learning more about this...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
In my limited understanding, the most important next step is to vastly increase our use of renewable energy production. When we use fossil fuels, we not only use up the limited amount available, but we also pollute our world.
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Geoengineering should be seen as a last resort. It can't make up for a lack of reduction in fossil fuel consumption. It is essential that we concentrate on the reduction in our use of all fossil fuels and the use of renewable power production.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I have seen a large offshore wind farm near Norfolk, which seemed to me to be a very good way to generate electricity since it didn't impose much visual impact on the local people.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
We will have to get used to nuclear power. I think that there are now several designs for very small nuclear plants. If I understand correctly these plants produce very little waste, which we will have to deal with. From the little, I know that we can bury it in very deep holes in some areas such as deep formations of such rock as granite.
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It is clear to me that we will not only continue but also increase our demands for electricity in the future. This demand can only be met by the use of more environmentally appropriate methods. We will have to get used to the existence of wind farms, solar fields, small local nuclear plants, if we don't we will soon run out of power. These small nuclear...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
It would be ridiculous to ignore public attitudes to energy management. It is the public who has to bear the burden of the decisions that are made today. I think that we must organise public surveys and polls to discover what people think.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
It is clear to me that in the future we will rely almost entirely on some form of less-polluting electrical energy. There are a few ways in which we could achieve that. Solar and wind are the most attractive options, but in many places there will not be enough sunlight or wind. That leave very few alternatives - the most obvious is small-scale nuclear power...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I'm afraid that we may be too late to prevent our climate from exceeding the two degree temp increase, which will lead to an extremely hot climate. We must still try as hard as we can to mitigate the effects of this disaster, we will have to switch to low-carbon technologies as much as we can.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The ICUN is an essential organisation, in that it tells us what species are in danger of extinction. It is urgent that we take action to prevent the loss of any more species. It is clear that we are very close to destroying a large number of many different kinds of species. We rely entirely on the use of the earth's natural resources, which we must retain.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
We use too much electricity for air conditioning in the summer, and too much gas for heating in the winter. We have just bought a far more energy efficient house, to try to minimize the amount of energy we use. I am trying to reduce the amount of energy we use.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I think that it is essential for the people of Tanzania to change their methods of cooking. It will be very difficult to get them to change, because they are so used to cooking in the way their mothers did. The women and girls will have to be shown that they will be better off using more efficient methods of cooking, which will improve their health as the...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
As always, it is the women and girls who are the ones who have to do all the hard work in collecting the firewood. They also have to do most of the cooking and therefore spend a lot of their time in the smoky atmosphere inside the huts. The time they have to spend walking so far to collect the firewood means that they have far less time to spend in the...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The Spanish were correct in that their technology was superior, and that smallpox was in fact the decisive factor in the defeat of the Aztecs. The Spanish also felt superior in that they believed that their god was the only true god. The Spanish were morally completely in the wrong, but they felt that they were in the right, because of their god, they felt...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
There were several factors that caused the defeat of the Aztecs. Their empire was founded on the violent suppression of all the peoples they had conquered, which led to the uprisings of all these suppressed peoples. The Aztecs also fought in a very different way, they saw war as
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The message depicted in this image is that the people of South America were savages, in that they are naked and they are eating human flesh
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Anthony Ward made a comment
It has always been people like Cortes who have led the first conquests. The decimation of the Aztecs was due mostly to smallpox and the violence of the Spaniards. Cortes was a rebel which was what gave him a great advantage in that he didn't have to keep reporting back and waiting for new orders.
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I think that the environment in EuroAsia made it easier to develop agriculture at an earlier time. It is only when agriculture develops that enough labour can be spared to develop industry and armies. This was I think the primary reason why the people from Europe were able to be more developed than the people in the Americas, was the better environment in...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The Spaniards conquered the Aztecs using the old approach of divide and conquer. I agree that the Aztecs were an extremely brutal society because of their extensive use of human sacrifice, but that didn't justify what the Spaniards did. The ultimate success of the Spanish was due to the diseases that they brought with them, which killed almost 95% of all...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The Spaniards went to South America for gold and to convert the indigenous people to Christianity. It still seems extraordinary that they conquered so many people with so few soldiers. The outcome was caused by the diseases that they both with them. There was also one disease that they brought back to Europe - Syphilis, which did kill many Europeans, but...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Greed.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Today too many people use plastic bags and other plastic things. It will be difficult to get out of this habit. In a country like Indonesia there are very few options for getting rid of waste plastic, so they just dump it in the ocean. Once in the ocean, it takes an extremely long time to degrade, so it gets into a lot of ocean-dwelling creatures.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The Industrial Revolution in England was only possible because of the enclosure of all the common and previously rented land of the peasants. The principal beneficiaries were the Lords who kicked the peasants off the land that they and their ancestors had farmed for centuries. It then took a long time before the people who had had to find work in the new...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I live in a highly developed country and I am sure that we are heading towards some very major problems which are our own fault because of our excessive use of both natural and ecological resources. I also am sure that those of us who live in many of the highly developed countries are responsible for much of the underdevelopment in the Global South
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I am sure that the primary motivation of the Europeans was wealth, but they also wanted to convert everyone they came in contact with to Christianity. The Portuguese in India acted like pirates.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The main purposes of this voyage were both to convert any people he found to Christianity and to obtain as much gold and other valuable items as possible.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I used to live in Vancouver Canada which was not very polluted, but on Vancouver Island there is Victoria, the capital of British Columbia. In Victoria there are a lot of environmentally- minded people, which I think includes David Suzuki. All the sewage from Victoria is just pumped into the Pacific Ocean through a long pipe which just dumps all the...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I love in Ontario near Windsor. In this area there are several pathways through which pollution gets to the Lakes. I don't think that there is a lot of pollution coming from local industries, but there may be some from agricultural runoff. There is a Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the USA and Canada, which has had a quite helpful effect on the...
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I hadn't realised that the Ottomans were such a threat to Constantinople. As the commenter below, I find it very disturbing that the fighting in what is now Turkey is still going on, between the Turks and the Armenians is continuing now.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The Jews have always been used as scapegoats, by Christians. I didn't know about the Requinquista, but I find it very interesting. Those kings who accepted the Jews benefitted a lot in the long run since many of those Jews were either skilled craftsmen or traders.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
From this video, it seems to me that the Muslims were more tolerant of non-Muslims than Christians were. I agree with a comment below that I don't see why the Muslims didn't conquer the north of the peninsula. Overall the Requonquitsa was a very important stage in the development of Europe.
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In England, the main change was that a large proportion of local landowners changed from growing grains to enclosing all of their land to keep sheep for their wool. For the first 100 years, the peasants benefitted from their increases in their wages, but after that their incomes fell back to about where they had been before.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Since at that time people had no idea of what was causing or spreading the plague spread without any limit so it killed an extraordinary number of people, forever changing European society. Because they had no idea of what was causing the plague they took their fears out on scapegoats such as the Jews who are always the first people to suffer.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Marco Polo is extremely impressed by the grandeur of this city, there were an extraordinary number of craftsmen (or women) in the twelve guilds. Marco Polo came from Venice, and I think that he found Kinsay even more impressive, since it used canals even more than Venice. The bridges are all high enough for large ships to sail under them, and the ramps are...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Hi all. I am Tony I was born in England and I now live in Canada. I am retired and when I worked I taught economics, Canadian economic history, environment, and health at a small Ontario university. I have now taken several Future Learn courses, and I am taking this one out of a great interest in the approach that Europeans took the they built their Empires/
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I think that the worst of those four effects on the oceans is acidification, which will kill so many small creatures that need to build their homes using the calcium in the ocean.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I live a very long way from any oceans. To me, there are several major problems with our oceans. Climate change is causing major disruptions, because of all the pollution we are chucking into the air. Another major problem is all the pieces for plastic that are ending up in the oceans. We have also overfished to a criminal extent, so there are so few...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The primary cause of climate change is the burning. of fossil fuels. We may soon run out of oil, but unfortunately we still have a lot of coal, which is even worse for its emissions of CO2, and methane. I don't think that we can escape the current problems using technology. As a society we are too accustomed to enjoying comfort, so I think that climate...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
From looking at this I don't think that it will be practical to protect many glaciers. The only thing I think that we can do is to provide as much warning as possible to the people who live downstream where the flooding will ocur.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
To me, the two greatest problems are first the significant rise in sea levels and also the likely complete draining of many of the glacial lakes in the tropics. The worst of these is the rise in sea level since it will affect so many people who live in low-lying areas of the world.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
When the glaciers in the tropics melt the people who have been relying on their outflow for all their water will be in great difficulty since they will no longer have any water for any of their needs. It is obvious from this information that this will probably happen soon.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Without these predictive models, we wouldn't have any idea of what these glaciers might do in the future. It is very important to have this ability to predict so that we can try to take some preventative actions.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The ability to survey these remote glaciers makes a tremendous difference to our ability to see what is happening to our world. We must know in advance what will happen in the near future., so that we can plan how to cope with it.
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As the Greenland Ice Sheet melts there will be an enormous amount of water released into the oceans, which will result in a significant rise in sea levels. I had never heard of supraglacial lakes, but I find them very disconcerting.
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I had not known that so many people relied on glacier melt for so much of their freshwater. It seems to me that all these people will be in a lot of difficulty as the glaciers retreat and stop supplying as much water as is needed.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
I found the pictures of the Gigjokull glacier very interesting, I knew that some glaciers were retreating, but these photos show very clearly how serious the issue is.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
To me, it is obvious that our main concern has to be getting our emissions under control, to avoid our world becoming far too hot for us to survive. This video makes it very clear how rapidly we are destroying our world.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
To me, the knowledge that so many glaciers are melting is very concerning. As they melt, the sea level is rising, causing flooding in a lot of low-lying countries. The places where this is happening tend to be poor countries, which can't afford to do anything about it.
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Hi. I am Tony and I recently retired from teaching environment and economics at a small Canadian university, I am taking this interesting course out of personal interest and to keep up with the latest ideas about what is happening with our environmental problems. I will be very interested both in learning from the lectures and from all the comments and...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
In the area of Ontario Canada we have no electric power nearby except some windfarms, which can only produce small proportion of the electricity we use. Unfortunately we are currently using natural for our heat. I have just bought a newly built housed we have made sure that we have installed the most efficient equipment and insulation to minimize our use of...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
The rise in sea levels is due almost entirely to the past, present and future actions of the rich countries, which we have correct very quickly. Places by the oceans will now inevitably suffer from the rise in sea levels and therefore the intrusion of salinity. It is therefore incumbent on the wealthy countries to help with the necessary adaptations that...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
Where I live in Ontario Canada the immediate effects of climate change are not yet major. In my opinion the worst effected area will be the low-lying countries such as the Pacific Islands and the shore areas of such countries as Thailand, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and many other low-lying countries. In the Southern states of the US and Australia they are...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
This is a complex issue. I fully agree that we have to stop the wildly excessive use of our scarce natural, ecological, environmental resources. From my perspective the biggest problem is the "first world" countries which are the ones who are using these scarce resources at such an excessive rate. Many of the less developed countries are also creating a lot...
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Anthony Ward made a comment
We have been extracting our non-renewable resources at a ridiculous rate, which is resulting in both an increase in direct pollution and the rapid increase in global warming. If we continue at this rate we will cause an unknown increase in global warming. This is not the only factor causing the anthropocene sort should clear that it may soon be too late to...