Daryl Joe Santos
A graduate of Masters in Astronomy in National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Taiwan, and a PhD student at Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE).
Location Philippines
Activity
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"diluted" = "lesser energy density (amount of energy per volume of space"
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Daryl Joe Santos made a comment
On behalf of Prof. Tomo Goto and the rest of the educators, we thank you for being with us throughout the course! I also want to apologize for my late replies recently; I just moved to Germany to start my PhD and I just settled down a few days ago. We will keep your comments and suggestions and hopefully we can have another run again next time. Stay curious,...
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Michael Reynolds
Hello! We educators are unfortunately not the ones responsible for the certificates. Please reach out to FutureLearn's online support!
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Thanks for attaching your source, Julie!
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Ted Rook
Thanks for sharing these links, Ted!
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Pete B
Thanks for sharing these links, Pete!
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Revised. Thanks Dave and Steve!
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Thanks for sharing this link about DESI, Rox!
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Alwyn watson
Honestly, we still don't know the answers to your questions, Alwyn, as it is still a very active topic of research....
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Tom Dussman
@KamMak Thanks for sharing this link!
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Emiko Jeffery
Zero-point energy is just the lowest energy state of a particle when inside a finite volume. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle follows that zero-point energy is never zero (because if it is zero, then momentum is zero, which is a violation of the principle)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Tom Dussman
Thanks for sharing this video, Tom!
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Kam Mak
Thanks for sharing the report, Kam!
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Kam Mak
We revised it. Thanks, Kam!
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Interesting read, Tom. Thanks for sharing!
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Sorry for the late reply! I've just recently moved to Germany for my PhD and it took some time for me to settle down (but that's not really a valid excuse, so my apologies on behalf of the other educators)!
We didn't discuss the results of AMS and ICNO because they will be too advanced for the course. However, if you're still interested you may want to read...
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Thanks for sharing this article, David!
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Thanks Derek for sharing this article about spins!
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Thanks for sharing this preprint, David! However, this might be a bit overwhelming for our non-science people, so caution is advised! :)
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Awesome, thanks for sharing these links, Ted!
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That is a complex article, Graham (even I wouldn't dare to read all of it)! Maybe start with the more basic references? :)
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Thank you for sharing an important article, Allan!
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Daryl Joe Santos made a comment
Thank you for answering, everyone! We hope you learned more about their differences :)
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Thanks for sharing this video, Tom! It is entertaining to watch :)
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Daryl Joe Santos made a comment
Thanks for your comments and suggestions, everyone! We'll keep these in mind, that's for sure! :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Helen B
Thanks for sharing this video, Pete! Although, this may be a bit overwhelming for our non-science/engineering people, so caution is needed here :)
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Daryl Joe Santos made a comment
Thanks for participating, everyone! To those who weren't able to properly play the game due to various reasons (e.g., hearing problems, hardware limitations, etc.), we'll take this into consideration for our next run!
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Revised. Thanks, Graham!
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It is planned to be launched at 2034!
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Please see Step 5.6 "Evidence of Inflation: B-mode Polarization" at around 4:17 timestamp for a picture of E-mode polarization :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Mike Moss
Sorry for the late reply, but yes an expanding Universe can be flat, of course. The "1 degree" thing is just one of our ways to identify the geometry of our Universe (as stated in the text).
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Allan Haines
@AllanHaines The Universe is not flat like a pancake, but the Universe is "geometrically flat". We are considering a "flat geometry" based only on whether parallel lines intersect, move away, or never move away or towards each other.
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to P S
Thanks for sharing the paper, Patricia! This article, however, might be overwhelming for our non-science people, so try to read this one with caution! :)
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@KamMak Inflation still needs to be reconciled with quantum theory. It's still an active topic of research!
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Thanks for sharing the article, Andy! It's worth the read :)
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Thanks for sharing the interesting video, Chris!
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We're referring to just your regular class on electromagnetism; it's not a big deal whether you took one before or not! :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Rox Orange
This is still an active topic of research, Rox!
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Robert Birke
I don't think they're indistinguishable at that stage, Robert. There are already sub-atomic particles at that time, although lacking in variety.
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to David Richardson
Thanks for sharing this article, David!
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Helen B
Numbers are more or less approximated here, in this case
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Tom Dussman
Awesome link, Tom. Thanks for sharing!
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Graham Pearson
Thanks for sharing the helpful link, Graham!
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Ken Young
Never thought of it, but it's most likely just a coincidence!
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To put it simply, during recombination, any region of the CMB within 2 degrees of angular separation are in "causal contact" with each other. This means that light can travel freely within 2 degrees from its original point. Light cannot travel any further beyond 2 degrees.
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Angular sizes are measured in degrees and it pertains to distances/sizes, but temperatures are usually measured in degrees Kelvin and pertain to thermal energy. Take note of the difference here :)
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Just think of horizon as "space" that we can measure :)
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Great explanation, Annita! :)
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You mean "Kelvin"? Kelvin is a unit of temperature, just like "Celsius" or "Fahrenheit" :)
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"The size of the horizon during recombination is about 2 degrees" means that the angular size of the space where light can travel is just around 2 degrees (measure of an arc of a circle). Angular sizes are measured in degrees/radians. This also means that light cannot travel any further than 2 degrees from its original position.
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Thanks for letting us know Mike! No one is perfect, so we really appreciate comments on some of the errors you see in the articles. We fixed them already! :)
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Daryl Joe Santos made a comment
Thanks for your suggestions and comments, everyone! We'll keep these in mind for future improvements :)
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Daryl Joe Santos made a comment
Thanks for trying out the exercise! This simulation aims to show you that the amount of ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy affect the properties of the CMB blobs. Also, if you click the Plot button (the button on the upper right with a graph), you will see the CMB power spectrum (temperature variation, which is called "Anisotropy" versus the blob...
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Thanks for the video, Mike! Very interesting :)
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Daryl Joe Santos made a comment
Thanks for joining the discussion, everyone! Don't forget to see the next step for the answer :)
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Daryl Joe Santos made a comment
Hi everyone! To those who are interested for a more explanation of the CMB maps and how we can deduce dark matter and dark energy from them:
The variations that you see in the CMB map offer insight about the contents of the Universe. What scientists do to CMB maps is that they see how the temperature patterns in the early Universe change with the size of...
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Judith Williams
Hopefully the next few weeks about Dark Energy and Dark Matter can help answer your question :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Allan Haines
Thanks for the suggestion, Allan! We'll add it next time :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Paul Gibbs
Hopefully the next weeks about Dark Matter and Dark Energy can help explain these :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to 彥興 林
Most likely no, but I'm not so sure!
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Thanks for the explanation, Veera! Very well constructed :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to David Roberts
Thanks for the link, David! It's an interesting read to those who are interested about the topic :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Amanda Whitehouse
Don't worry Amanda! We'll try to explain this topic better next time. Thank you for your comment!
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to dave edwards
Don't worry Dave! We'll try to explain this better next time. Thank you for your comment!
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Mike Moss
Thanks for the suggestion, Mike! We'll consider this in the next run :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Judith Williams
Thanks for letting us know, Judith! I hope this doesn't discourage you from looking at the next steps!
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@johnwakenshaw Honestly, we still don't know. Things like what happened before the Big Bang, how the Big Bang happen exactly, are some of the mysteries of the Universe that we still cannot solve.
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Ted Rook
Thanks for sharing the link, Ted! Interesting read :)
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The expansion of the Universe caused the energy to be diluted, and as a result the Universe cooled :)
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Interesting discussion! Great to see everyone is helping out each other :)
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Math can always look intimidating, but it just represents the language scientists use. The meaning of the formula is what is always important, and we hope we are able to deliver this in this course! :)
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We will discuss Dark Matter very soon! :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Derek Charlton
The Universe is infinite; the CMB that we are seeing represents the edge of the observable Universe. Maybe this article can help:
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Mike Moss
Great explanation, Derek! :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Judith Williams
Thanks for sharing the link, Derek! :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Kam Mak
The answer is the Big Bang happened everywhere 13.8 billion years ago! :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to john wakenshaw
Most of the mysteries surrounding the expansion of the Universe is enclosed within our understanding of dark energy, which we still lack of.
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Paul Gibbs
Agree, Paul! :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Chris Brown
The answer is neither. The inflationary period is a totally different event (we'll discuss it at a later week), while the concept that the Big Bang started from a singularity is outdated: https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/07/27/there-was-no-big-bang-singularity/?sh=56aa9dc37d81
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Daryl Joe Santos made a comment
Thank you everyone for your reflections! See you next week :)
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Daryl Joe Santos replied to Ted Rook
Thanks for letting us know Ted! We'll check this out and revise it :)
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Here are a few links to give you a brief background of these terms:
Lepton: https://phys.org/news/2014-01-leptons.html
Hawking Radiation: https://www.sciencealert.com/hawking-radiation -
@GrahamPearson thanks for sharing the link, Graham! A fun video to watch :)
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We still don't know! Whoever discovers it might win a Nobel Prize :)
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Again, we can only deduce the future of the Universe with our current understanding of the Universe. Our knowledge is limited, and so the events and dates shown here will most likely be inaccurate compared to what will actually happen in the far future :)
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Hi Ute! Because of our understanding of the Universe in present, we are able to deduce the future of the Universe. However, we are of course limited to what we currently know. The dates and events shown here will most likely be inaccurate compared to the actual events that will happen in the far future, but we can only do so much to verify them :)
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@BrianRogers I agree with your point as well! :)
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@BrianRogers I agree with your point! :)
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Both Brian and Derek are correct! Thanks for the links as well :)
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Thanks for the recommendation, Allan! We'll change the video in the next run :)
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Daryl Joe Santos made a comment
Awesome poll results! Don't forget to visit the next section to find out the answer :)
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The Universe that we know right now is flat. Our current understanding of the Universe tells us that the Universe will not collapse in the far future due to dark energy playing a role in the accelerated expansion of the Universe.
I hope this article can shed some light to your question: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02338-w
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Thanks for sharing the video, Graham! It's a very helpful video :)
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@MikeMoss You're correct! :)
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The Universe doesn't have an outer edge it is expanding into. :)
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Fascinating discussion from everyone! Thanks for sharing with us your thoughts. I hope you visit the next step to learn the answer :)
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Thanks for sharing this video, Steve! Sirens are always the best example of showing Doppler effect :)
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Thanks for sharing these links, Julia! They're very helpful :)
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@JulieCabanat You're correct! :)
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@MatthewF Dark energy plays a role here, and we will learn more about it in the next weeks :)
